Social Inequality in the Modern Era free essay sample

Social Inequality in the Early Modern Era Throughout history, there has been an extraordinary victimization various gatherings of individuals. Ladies have been slighted in view of what their religion’s sacred book says. The Pope had the authority over state, not the ruler. The shade of your skin has even decided your position in the public arena. Despite the fact that this was more in the early present day period, it despite everything happens today. Individuals have needed to work their approach to pick up rights. Instances of social imbalance in the advanced time are the partition of chapel and state, privileges of ladies, and the social development of race. As per the Bible, the lady was made primarily as a mate for man, not the opposite way around. Ladies are unequipped for deciding, in this way they are substandard compared to men. This is the equivalent for Islam in light of the fact that in the Koran it says, â€Å"The men are made answerable for the ladies, since God blessed them with specific uniformities, and made them the bread earners†. We will compose a custom article test on Social Inequality in the Modern Era or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Likewise in Islam, the job of the ladies is to deal with the family unit, deal with the costs, show their youngsters, and help with the agribusiness. What's more, ladies are relied upon 100% to do as such of these things. Since the reason for religion is to bring request and individuals something to put stock in, this is what is normal in the public eye. In the Great Chain of Being, the family is separated into positions. The dad is at the highest points of the family, the mother being the second. Indeed, even in the Enlightenment this thought is gone through Jean-Jacques Rousseau that a women’s instruction is optional to men. In the early present day period, the congregation was plainly over the ruler. Prior to the Protestant renewal, everyone got their thoughts from the Pope. Since the vast majority couldn't peruse, the Pope was essentially running the nation, with the ruler having little force. Martin Luther contended that â€Å"each man can be his own Priest† and that everyone is in actuality equivalent with one another. The Pope should no longer have authority over anyone since what he is doing isn't right. The Catholic Church despite everything attempted to help their contention by saying the Church’s translation of the Bible is conclusive, however some despite everything changed over to Lutheranism. Some rulers attempted to retain the intensity of the congregation. Sovereign Elizabeth abrogated the Catholic Church, and made the Anglican Church giving her more force and nullifying the Pope. In the social development of race, whites are above everyone. The main motivation behind why they are the predominant race is on the grounds that they have made the social development of race. This goes back to when the Europeans initially found the new world occupied by Native Americans. They thought the Native Americans as regular conceived slaves. Juan Gines de Sepulveda contended that Native Americans are â€Å"slaves naturally, graceless, brute, and inhuman†. Aristotle even idea that indigenous individuals were not human. At the point when the Native American populace subsided, Europeans began to segregate blacks. In the fatherly request, whites were at the top, the house hirelings were in the center, and the field slaves were on the base. This depended on skin shading in light of the fact that most probable the house workers were biracial. It was seen that this request was â€Å"ordained by god† and this was for the slaves own wellbeing since they resemble youngsters. The slave driver resembled the dad, to accommodate the slaves while the slaves work for him. Whites regularly thought the slaves as dumb, in light of the fact that they were not raised a similar route as them. All in all, the starting points of social imbalance originated from the earliest starting point of time: when the Europeans previously arrived in the New World attempting to find new land. Rather they discovered Native Americans and totally passed judgment on them by their looks. During when the Catholic Church was over the state and the ruler had no force. Indeed, even with the privileges of ladies, social imbalance was there. These were factors for the imbalance of the cutting edge time.

How has Portugal been affected by globalization

How has Portugal been influenced by globalization Monetary globalization is definitely not an ongoing wonder, it is the persistent advancement of improvements that have been in train for a lot of time. One may characterize financial globalization as the procedure by which markets and creation in various nations are getting progressively related because of the elements of exchange merchandise and enterprises and streams of capital and innovation European Commission (1997) refered to in Sloman (2006). At the end of the day, it includes the utilization of the elements of creation on a world scale. The point this article is to talk about the effect of globalization in the economy of Portugal. Right off the bat, this paper will look at the connection between the globalization idea and the Portuguese joining in the European Union, clarify in what frames its has been advantageous and depict the activity creation in the administration segment achieved the improvement of new data, creation advances and the extension of the travel industry. B esides, it will talk about the distinctive negative repercussions of globalization in the different segments of monetary movement, examine the financial results of the migration of multinationals, think about certain outside interests in Portugal and uncover certain potential inconveniences of having a solitary money. The European Union as Cardoso and Ferreira (2000) affirms is as of now the best case of territorial financial coordination which mirrors the current Era of globalization. Portugal as an individual from it since 1986 and as result of the European combination process has been encountering significant political, social and for the most part financial changes. As indicated by the previously mentioned creator, the different Portuguese territories of financial movement have been significantly affected by the European guidelines and approaches. With the making of a typical European market and a solitary money, a few requirements that constrained in some degree the proficiency of business associations and the full work of their assets have been stifled, the Portuguese organizations picked up the chance to investigate economies of scale and to have some expertise in certain great and administrations through similar favorable position, improved their situation to haggle universally, disposed o f the conversion standard vulnerability, decreased swelling rates and upgraded rivalry which invigorates more prominent monetary productivity. Additionally, Cardoso and Ferreira (2000) further avows that the increases of more noteworthy financial joining and relationship between nations because of the globalization of the economy through the European Union likewise include reserve funds in remote trades and transport costs. Moreover, as per Lima et al. (2006), the previously mentioned local monetary reconciliation with its particular mechanical improvement of media communications and transport likewise allowed for instance the authoritative and innovative rebuild of the financial segment and animated work in the administration division, principally in the travel industry area. Thinking about the instance of the travel industry, as Cardoso and Ferreira (2000) clarifies, this segment in Portugal expect noteworthy social, social and especially monetary significance in making employment s, expanding salary per occupant, in the advancement of gifted work, financial enhancement and foundations has been significantly emphatically influenced alongside various different regions of financial movement by the globalization and the European guidelines and strategies. As of now the complete commitment of Travel and Tourism to the Portuguese Gross Domestic Product, including its more extensive financial effects, is estimate to ascend by 2.4% from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬25.7bn (14.7% of GDP) in 2011 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬32.6bn (16.2%) by 2021 (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2011) and one may reason that the previously mentioned monetary realities are because of the current globalization that caused the travel industry to develop for the most part with the combination of societies, transports unrest and deregulation approaches as Wahab and Cooper (2001) affirm. Furthermore, Lima et al. (2006) authenticates the previously mentioned contentions by calling attention to the way that occupa tions in the lodging and café segment expanded by 9.4% somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2004 and it additionally attests that there has been significant interests in transport and broadcast communications, 30,000 employments were made somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2004 in this division and it spoke to in 2006 7.4% of the administration occupations. Besides, as a positive effect of the globalization in the countrys economy, Portugal since its coordination in the European Union has consistently profited by different basic assets and projects to support financial development, higher intensity and to help lessen incongruities among locales. For instance, one may consider the Portuguese archipelago island of Madeira which as per Beirman (2003) has been allotted since 1986 auxiliary assets to create and modernize the area that made conceivable the development of various frameworks as streets, spans, schools, air terminals, ports and wellbeing centers. Then again, globalization likewise influenced contrarily the economy of Portugal in different viewpoints. As indicated by Lima et al. (2006), the progression of the worldwide financial markets supported the migration of national and outside enterprises from Portugal to different nations with progressively gainful creation costs, which at last brought about expanding joblessness in certain monetary segments, especially in the vehicle, footwear and material parts. As Lima et al. (2006) clarifies, the impacts of the previously mentioned viewpoints are extensively extraordinary in the different financial exercises. On account of industry, as indicated by Lima et al. (2006), the quantity of employments has been eliminated fundamentally by 105,000 positions between the year 2000 and 2006. Conversely, over a similar period, roughly 417,000 new openings were made in the administration division. In any case, the previously mentioned creator further notes that shaky work circumstances are prog ressively normal in the administration area. On one hand, from the investigation of the previously mentioned contentions one may see that globalization in Portugal makes in certain circumstances new openings and chances to extend organizations, yet on the other, incites noteworthy qualified and unfit joblessness. As indicated by the European Commission refered to in Lima et al. (2006), the slow European monetary development joined with the quickening of the advancement of World Trade brought about lost 860,000 materials and garments occupations in EU somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2010; segments that are significantly significant for the Portuguese economy. The footwear and material businesses are the wellspring of a lot of employments in Portugal and they have been seriously influenced by the migration of undertakings to nations that offer less administrations, less severe work measures, money related advantages and less expensive elements of creation. As indicated by the Portu guese national measurements organization refered to in Lima et al. (2006), Portugal lost 90.000 occupations somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2004, lessening its modern work from 23.5% in 1998 to 19.4% in 2004. Likewise, at the previously mentioned period, as Lima et al. (2006) attests, Chinese business visionaries have been putting resources into the material and dress part, a wonder that has recently happened in Italy where the Chinese business the executives technique, in view of creation at significant low edge of benefit and high volumes of deals has raised a few issues with respect to uncalled for rivalry. Albeit one may at first guess that the previously mentioned outside speculation is useful to the economy of the nation, truly it might be maybe impressively biased in a few perspectives since neighborhood little and medium size businesses have trouble in rivaling the Chinese creation costs. Concerning businesses, especially the vehicle business, as indicated by Lima et al. (2006), has likewise been influenced since 1990 by modern migration for the most part the previously mentioned reasons; There was a 9% drop in occupations in this area somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2004 (on the same page). As the previously mentioned creator further notes, the end of the Opel plant in Azambuja in 2006 remaining 1.200 individuals without an occupation and Renault shut its Setubal industrial facility and put resources into different new production lines in Brazil and Slovenia. Therefore, joblessness as Lipsey and Chrystal (2007) call attention to, includes various small scale and macroeconomic issues that harm the economy of Portugal, including the loss of the people pay, a decrease in their expectations for everyday comforts, social hardship, adverse multiplier impacts, lost potential national yield, a misuse of assets (work) and financial expenses since the legislature loses charge incomes and has the need of spending more on government assistance installments for jobless relatives. Additionally, as Sloman (2006) clarify, because of the current worldwide and territorial association Portugal is influenced by the monetary strength of different nations and by their legislatures strategies, issues in any region of the world can fundamentally influence Portugal through exchange and money related markets, in spite of the inevitable land separation. The current Portuguese monetary circumstance mirrors the helplessness of the nation to money related emergency. At last, the European Monetary Union that is one of the instances of todays globalization, might be biased to the Portuguese economy if Portugal has for instance higher paces of expansion and if therefore its national ventures have trouble in contending with the remainder of the European Union. With a different money Portugal could permit its cash to devalue and forestall being a discouraged area of Europe with rising joblessness. All in all it appears to be evident that the economy of Portugal has been significantly influenced by globalization. This exposition has demonstrated that it is conceivable to recognize in Portugal various positive perspectives and a lot of negative conse

Buy Book Reports Online at Affordable Prices

Buy Book Reports Online at Affordable Prices Book Reports Online Home›Book Reports OnlineWhy You Should Buy a Book Report OnlineIt is not a secret that the process of education is rather tough nowadays since students have to complete a great number of tasks within short deadlines. Being under the constant pressure, learners do not want to miss a wonderful opportunity to purchase book reports online written from scratch. Hundreds of students come to us every day in order to get professional assistance in writing different academic papers. We provide them with top quality services and help achieve the set goals!   Many students are wondering where they can buy book reports that will be of high quality and written according to the book report requirements. Students are afraid of the risks they may face when they find some book report writing service. There are many cases when students became victims of frauds when they wanted to buy book reports and placed orders at online writing companies. Some customers received a book repor t that was heavily plagiarized or was already submitted by another client. Therefore, the reasons why students feel so cautious when they buy book reports are evident. It is not a secret that you are required to read many books when taking a course. What is more, professors believe that you will analyze every single book thoroughly and comprehensively. Oftentimes, your teachers want you to write a summary of the book to prove that you have really read it from cover to cover. Students have encountered a dilemma: is it worth to risk money and buy the book report from some book report writing service?Book report writing can be so inspiring if you know how to do it right.  But if you dont? We recommend you not to wait for motivation or inspiration.  We can write an excellent book report right now. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)When you face such a situation, come to QualityCustomEssays.com  to buy a book report online. One of our professionals will write an excellent summary that is fu ll of details. In addition, the usage of relevant quotes and citations is ensured. Our writers know how to come up with a high quality book report since they have written thousands of papers for our valued customers. To make sure that we provide first-class book reports, check our samples. Rest assured that we tell the truth! Thus, do not hesitate to order a supreme quality essay at QualityCustomEssays.com.Excellent Book Report Writing

Barnum Brown the Famous Paleontologist

Barnum Brown Born/Died 1873-1963 Nationality American Dinosaurs Named Ankylosaurus, Corythosaurus, Leptoceratops, Saurolophus About Barnum Brown Named after, but not related to, P.T. Barnum (of traveling circus fame), Barnum Brown had a flamboyant personality to match. For much of his long life, Brown was the chief fossil hunter for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and he participated in a huge number of digs, including one that unearthed the very first Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in southeastern Montana (Brown, unfortunately, didn’t get to name his find; that honor went to museum president Henry Osborn). Despite the large number of fossil finds to his credit, mostly in Montana and Canadas Alberta province, Brown is remembered more as an energetic, tireless, well-traveled digger than as a published paleontologist (though he did write some influential papers). His techniques seem to have matched his personality: in the early 20th century, his preferred method for finding fossils was to blow up huge tracts of land with dynamite, scour the rubble for bones, and cart the resulting finds back to base camp on horse-drawn carriages. Befitting his name, Barnum Brown had his share of eccentricities, many of them recounted in a memoir published by his wife, I Married a Dinosaur. For publicity purposes, he insisted on being photographed at his fossil digs wearing an oversized fur coat, and he claimed to work as an intelligence asset for the U.S. government during World War I and World War II and as a corporate spy for various oil companies during his trips abroad. He was referred to by his closest friends as Mr. Bones.

The War Of The Vietnam War - 2569 Words

The Vietnam War, it is one of America greatest downfall in history. The Vietnam War took up so many time that five presidents have to deal with the situation: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. All of the Presidents have tried their very best to prevent communism from spreading any further, especially toward South Vietnam. There was so many major and minor events that happen within the war. But there are some questions that should be asked such as, â€Å"How did the Vietnam War begin?† or â€Å"How well did the U.S. Government and the U.S. Troop handle the situation during the Vietnam War?† Right Now, all of those questions shall be answer. It start off with the United State that showed moderate interest toward Asia until 1941, the†¦show more content†¦American are getting more involve with Vietnam that it began to take shaped from the late 1945 and becoming a lot more active by the Cold War. The U.S. government’s point of view was â€Å"t hat communism must be contained† (Llewellyn). According to the â€Å"Domino Theory, com-munism would jump from one nation to others† (ushistory.org). Since Asia have a â€Å"poorly con-trolled borders, a weak governments and low capacity for resisting communist infiltration† (Llewellyn), they are more likely to fall under the rule of communism. The U.S. government also believe that it would spread further south of Asia, since communism had already spread from China to Korea. If all south-east Asia fell to communism, it would rule more than one-quarter of the globe. Since the U.S were trying to prevent communism, they would try to support and â€Å"backed the return of the French in Vietnam† (Llewellyn). Though, some do not like the idea of returning Vietnam to French due to their hatred toward colonialism and believing that Asian nations should be free to govern themselves. But many would rather take the revival of French colonial-ism than a communist-rule d Vietnam. So America offered support for the French in Vietnam. Until in the late 1945, there was a formal position which was about one of the neutrality, but â€Å"by early 1947 the U.S. Government was tacitly supporting France† (Llewellyn). Later that year, President Harry Truman funded French War effort.

Communication Is The Key Important Skills That A Person...

Communication is undoubtedly one of the most important skills that a person can possess. Interpersonal communication is the way we express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to the people around us. Interpersonal communication is something you need to do well as it affects many aspects of your life. It is also a learned skill that can be improved with knowledge, self awareness and practice. In order to be a good communicator we must continually analyze our level of interpersonal communication competence, which is defined in Mccornack’s book on page 21 as consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical. Consistently means across various types of relationships and situations. The appropriateness of your communication is the degree to which you are able to adapt your communication to the expectations regarding how people should communicate (pg 21). This involves following rules or societal norms that may not be written, but you are expected to know. For example if you are at a job interview your communication would be deemed inappropriate if you started cursing in front of the interviewer. There is no written rule that you should not do this, but it is expected of you that you know that in an interview you should be trying to impress the interviewer and make a good impression and cursing in front of them will leave a bad impression. Along with appropriateness your communication must also be effective. This involves your ability to use yourShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Soft Skills1280 Words   |  6 Pages Soft Skills Soft skills When it comes to skills for employment, the first thing an employer seeks is typically abilities, training and knowledge of specific skill sets. These are referred to as hard skills. Soft skills are often overlooked, but they also play an important role in every day operations. Soft skills are behavioral or people skills that everyone to a certain degree possesses. How one applies these skills can positivelyRead MoreTo What Extent Are Employers Looking for Communication Skills in University Graduates?1420 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduates when they leave their respect universities and to what extent are communication skills important to them. In order to completely understand the question key terms need to be explained. Communication is usually described as the exchange of information from one person to another through written or spoken words, symbols and or actions to reach a common understanding (Boddy, 2008). 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Our goal for this report is to demonstrate what traits enable managers to be most effective in all aspects. Results We received a wide range of responses from our survey. However, we found that despite the difference in age, position, and industry, there were three recurring themes: communication, open-mindedness, and organization. Nearly every person we interviewedRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader?844 Words   |  4 PagesAs a leader, sometimes we control not only our destiny but also the destiny of our followers as well. Hence, our decision-making skills should be impeccable, compared to an average person. When one thinks about it that is a lot pressure on the leader to consistently make good decision. It is even harder when one has a follower who tends to challenge one’s decision on a regular basis, like first mate, Chase and second mate, Joy on the Essex. As a leader, one should always never disregard the opinionRead MoreKey Personality Tests And Planning For Better Managerial Skills1497 Words   |  6 Pagespeople and organizations Results of key personality tests and planning for better managerial skills in future Personality and traits are of great importance to a manager. Several managerial skills can be developed or improved to suit the needs of work place. It is important that a manager develops these skills in order to perform better. At the same time, it becomes essential that an individual understands and evaluates his or her own skill set so that he can improve it to meet his needs atRead MoreBusn120 Mastery Assignment.â€Å"Communication Is Key†, This936 Words   |  4 PagesMastery Assignment â€Å"Communication is Key†, this phrase is one of the most important phrases to live by in any situation that comes your way in life. As a woman who is interested in a corporate management position after school, my communication skills need to be beyond perfect. The majority of the business world is men, but that is changing rapidly. As a woman, you must speak and present yourself confidently and strongly in order to be heard. Along with speaking well, it is important to be able to beRead MoreEssay On Facilitating Change1150 Words   |  5 PagesFacilitating change is a special talent needed, as such the director will be advised to select someone who is personable and possess the skills to turn a difficult situation into a natural and easy process. Basically, the person or person facilitating this process must possess the ability to make the person simple and less cumbersome. Skill The person selected will possess the following qualities. (1) Value people and the opinions, (2) rational in their approach to decision making, (3) excellentRead MoreLeadership Analysis : The American Organization Of Nurse Managers948 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Leadership Analysis There are many skills, traits, and behaviors one must possess in order to be an effective leader. The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) has compiled a list of competencies and skills that nurse leaders should be proficient in. The five competency domains identified by AONE (2011) are â€Å"communication and relationship building, knowledge of health care environment, leadership skills, professionalism, and business skills† (p. 3). The competency domain I believeRead MoreReal Estate Interview1402 Words   |  6 Pagesknow respected person at what he does, his name is Ludyn Tijerino. Mr. Tijerino works for an agency called Approved 4 keys. I was able to get in contact with this person through a favor done from my friend. My overall assessment of this interview is that it turns out that in the real estate business there is more to it than what I had imagine. Many of the questions that I had asked seemed to be answered by the time I got there for interview. Mr. Tijerino Seems to be a real great person at what he does

Analysis of Metroland Australia Ltd

Question: Analysis of Metroland Australia Ltd? Answer: Analysis of Metroland Australia Ltd Calculation of ratios: The following table shows the calculated ratios: (Amounts in $ in millions) Particulars 2013 2012 Short term solvency or liquidity ratios: Current assets 36,932.00 94,42,995.00 Current liabilities 2,32,737.00 120,92,740.00 Current ratio 0.1587 0.7809 Current assets - inventory 36,932.00 94,42,995.00 Current liabilities 2,32,737.00 120,92,740.00 Quick ratio 0.1587 0.7809 Efficiency ratios: Sales 2,054.00 1,11,902.00 Average debtors 67,822.00 89,28,284.00 Debtors turnover ratio 0.0303 0.0125 Cost of goods sold Average inventory Inventory turnover ratio #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Profitability ratios: Net profit (1,94,110.00) (4,30,277.00) Sales 2,054.00 1,11,902.00 Net loss -9450.34% -384.51% Net income (1,94,110.00) (4,30,277.00) Total assets 63,402.00 95,88,160.00 Return on assets -306.16% -4.49% Net income (1,94,110.00) (4,30,277.00) Shareholder's equity 13,36,957.50 55,24,555.00 Return on shareholder's equity -14.52% -7.79% Long term solvency or financing ratios: Total liabilities 2,32,737.00 120,92,740.00 Total equity (1,69,335.00) (25,04,580.00) Debt to equity ratio -137.44% -482.83% Total liabilities 2,32,737.00 120,92,740.00 Total assets 63,402.00 95,88,160.00 Debt to total assets 367.08% 126.12% Meaning of the ratios and ratio analysis: The following are the definitions of the various ratios: Liquidity ratios: Current ratio: Current ratio is the measure that tells us as to what extent the current assets are able to pay off the current liabilities of the company. It is arrived at by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. The above ratio shows a decrease in it over the years. The main reason of the same could be increase in both the current assets and current liabilities. Efficiency ratios: Debtors turnover ratio: It is a measure through which the company estimates the number of times the company collects the balance in the accounts receivables account. It is arrived at by dividing the sales by the average of opening and closing accounts receivable. The graph above depicts the increase in the ratio and this could be due to the increase in the sales over the years. Quick ratio: Quick ratio shows the liquidity of the company. It is arrived at by subtracting inventory from the current assets and then dividing the same by the current liabilities. The graph above depicts the decrease in the ratio and this could be due to the decrease in the current assets and the current liabilities. Long term solvency or financing ratios: Debt equity ratio: It is a measure to ascertain the extent to which the equity as well as the liabilities of the company is used to finance its assets. It is derived by dividing the total liabilities by shareholders equity of the company. The graph above depicts a decrease in the ratio and the main reason could be the increase in the debt and increase in total equity. Also the same is in negative during both the years. Debt to total assets: This ratio tells us the amount of debt that has been used in order to finance the assets. The increase in the % shows that a higher amount of debt has been used for the financing of assets. Profitability: Profitability is the potential of a business to yield gain or profit. Profitability is measured by the profitability ratios like profit margin, return on assets ratio, and return on equity ratio. The graph above shows an increase in the ratio and the main reason for the same could be the decrease in the total liabilities and total assets. (ASX, 2015) Conclusion: It is not advisable to invest in the company since all the ratios have only deteriorate over the years and when an investor invests in the company, he wants a return but after calculating the ratios, it is quite improbable that the company will give out any income over the investment. References: www.asx.com.au, (2015). Annual report 2013. [Online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20140318/pdf/42nggcv3yk4w5c.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2015].

Sustainable Tourism Planning

Introduction Tourism is a major economic activity for many countries across the globe. A country such as New Zealand has relied on tourism industry for economic growth. The concept of sustainable tourism development has expanded in the last 40 years following the increasing public awareness of environmental issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bhatia (2007), in his study suggested that sustainable tourism development refers to any form of tourist activity which is economically and socially equitable and acceptable, respects the environment and conserves cultural and natural resources. According to World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism development is aimed at meeting the needs of visitors and the host countries and cities and at the same time furthering the future prospects (Smith, 2010, P. 2). Thus, sustainable tourism development should b e economically viable and also protect the tourist resources i.e. cultural, historical and natural resources (Curtin, 2003, P. 2). Importance of adopting a Sustainable Tourism Planning Approach The following are the benefits of adopting a sustainable tourism planning approach. First, a tourism plan provides the criteria for measuring new tourism projects. With this regards, a tourism plan aims at defining the objectives, implementation procedures and policies for developing new tourism projects. A research that was done by Pearce Butler (2002) suggested that a tourism plan plays an important role of developing new prospects within a planned framework. A tourism plan facilitates the development of new policy measures of supporting tourism organizations and improving their competitiveness. A tourism plan clearly explains the strategic themes and priorities for a country’s engagement in tourism. A tourism plan provides the tourism stakeholders such as tourists, companies, envir onment and the community with a sense of involvement and ownership. The stakeholders participate in the planning process because most of the decisions have implications on them (Hall Kearsley, 2001, P. 273-294). Towards creating a sustainable tourism development Achieving a sustainable tourism development calls for an interactive process. It is important for tourism managers to assess the developments on a current basis in order to mark any significant changes. Indicators of Sustainable Tourism supply the tourism management team with required information for making decisions for sustainable tourism development (Fennell, 2008, P. 10).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indicators enable tourism management team to find out whether sustainable tourism has been achieved or not. They function as an early warning system to monitor economical and social changes over time thus preve nting negative effects (Weaver Oppermann, 2000, P. 354). The World Tourism Organization has proposed several Indicators of Sustainable Development that can be used by tourism management team in decision making. The indicators include site protection, stress and use intensity, social impact and development control, waste management, planning process, critical ecosystems, consumer satisfaction, local satisfaction and tourism contribution to local economy. According to Dymond (1997), the indicators are aimed at meeting ecological, planning, social and economic goals. The role of local authorities in Sustainable Tourism planning (public sector) According to Swarbrooke (1999), the government intervenes in order to liaise, manage and plan the various group of interests that have a stake in tourism. The government is also responsible for marketing and promotion of tourism destinations. The government through its tourism department is responsible for managing tourism throughout the state. T he government usually obtains funds from taxes and the private sector in order to promote and market the country as a tourist destination. The role of private sector in Sustainable Tourism Development Sustainable tourism planning cannot be managed by the public sector alone. The government is usually not well equipped at local level to respond to the rapidly changing demand of national and global tourism demands. The private sector on the other hand possesses broad as well as powerful tourism planning techniques that are well coordinated. The roles of private sector in developing a sustainable tourism include the following: Private sector business provides accommodations, transport, attractions and other visitor facilities and services. The private sector encourages and promotes tourism marketing and development. Usually, the private sector intervenes in tourism to ensure that the business objectives like revenue maximization and others are balanced with stakeholders’ interes ts and local needs in relation to attractions, beaches, infrastructure and other resource base which are utilized by the tourism (Middleton Hawkins, 1998, P. 106).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Private sector provides the financial resources that are required for tourism development and planning. They also provide the staff expertise which is required to enhance tourism planning and development (Swarbrooke, 1999, P. 97). Steps that are involved in creating a Sustainable Tourism Planning Tourism planning refers to the act of managing future events with the purpose of achieving objectives. The tourism development planning process involves a number of steps. The study recognition and preparation is the first stage in the process. In this stage, the planning authorities i.e. the private sector and the public sector, recognizes the strategy that is requ ired for planning process (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). The second stage that is involved in tourism development planning process is setting the goals to be accomplished. For a development plan to be effectively designed, it is important to set clear goals that are to be accomplished. A clear understanding of tourism goals enables the management team not to lose sight during the planning process. The objectives to be accomplished should not be vague and unachievable. Also, the objectives to be accomplished should not be conflicting (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). Survey of existing data is the third stage. Tourism management team should search for the available information before carrying out data collection. Surveying the available data is important because it saves time and resources (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). Implementing the new surveys is the fourth stage that is involved in tourism development planning process. This stage plays an important role of filing the info rmation gap once the present data have been surveyed (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). Analysis of primary and secondary data is the other stage. Both the primary and secondary data is analyzed by taking into consideration various issues such as asset evaluation, market analysis, development planning and impact analyses (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Policy and plan formulation is the sixth stage that is involved in tourism development planning process. This process enables the tourism management team to develop and evaluate alternative plans that facilitate the accomplishment of most tourism goals (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). Recommendations is the next stage. In this stage, various recommendations are put forward in order to facilitate policy choice (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 164). Implementation of the plan and monitoring is the last stage that is involved in this process. During this stage, the preferred plan having been completed is implemented and closely monitored with a view of detecting any deviations (Kandari Chandra, 2004, P. 163-167). Conclusion Good tourism planning is the means of achieving economic prosperity. Both the government and private sector plays an important role in tourism development planning. It is important for the planners to involve all the main stakeholders such as the visitors and tourist c ompanies during the planning process. Reference List Bhatia, A. (2007). The Business of Tourism: Concepts and Strategies. New Delhi: Pvt. Ltd. Curtin, S. (2003). Whale-Watching in Kaikoura: Sustainable Destination Development? Journal of Ecotourism, 2 (3), 1-34. Dymond, S. (1997). Indicators Of Sustainable Tourism in New Zealand: A Local Government Perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5 (4), 1-9. Fennell, D. (2008). Ecotourism, Edition3. London: Routledge. Hall, C Kearsley, G. (2001). Tourism In New Zealand: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kandari, O Chandra, A. (2004). Tourism, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Volume 3. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. Middleton, V Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable tourism: a marketing perspective. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Pearce, D Butler, R. (2002). Contemporary issues in tourism development. London: Routledge. Smith, S. (2010). Practical Tourism Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Weaver, D Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism Management. London: John Wiley Sons. This essay on Sustainable Tourism Planning was written and submitted by user Gavyn K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essays

Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essays Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essay Cause and Effect of Alcohol Essay Essay Topic: Cause and Effect Alcoholism is the continued excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several reasons. There are numerous factors in how people may become addicted. More than thirteen million Americans abuse alcohol, and over 100,000 deaths are caused by alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism include some, if not all of the following. Drinking secretly or alone, and on a regular basis are early signs of alcoholism. Other symptoms include forgetting things that happened while intoxicated, irritability, an unorganized personal or professional life, and seclusion from things that used to occupy time and amuse one’s self. These symptoms are acquired over time and may be hard to spot. Binge drinking is when somebody consumes large amounts of alcohol. Consuming alcohol has both negative short and long term effects. Some of the short term effects include hangovers, social drinking, and binge drinking. Most of the time, people consume alcohol in moderation. On occasions, people overindulge and take in too much alcohol and then get what is most commonly known as a hangover, or the sick flu like symptoms that many people experience the day after drinking. One cause of a hangover is dehydration. Alcohol is a drug that increases urination and flushes fluids from the body. Too much alcohol depletes the body of necessary substances required to stay healthy, including blood sugar, vitamins and minerals that keep a person alert. Alcoholism treatment is needed for many people in the country and around the world. There are many untreated people who ignore the warning signs and continue to drink. If you or someone you know is looking for methods to treating alcoholism, you have a lot to choose from. There are many ways to approach alcoholism treatment. Many doctors feel that the best method would be a rehabilitation program. Treating alcoholism is a long and very involved process, but if done correctly, treatment can be incredibly effective and successful.

Algoeithm Design, Analysis and Implementation Assignment

Algoeithm Design, Analysis and Implementation - Assignment Example This is done by choosing a comparison element and placing all the elements that are less than the comparison element in the first group and the rest of the elements in the second group. This procedure is repeated recursively until the elements are sorted (a part consist of only one element). T(n) = (n-1) + ?1 ? i ? n ti As 1,2,....k-elements are already sorted, we can say that ti =0, where i = 1,2, 3... k. Then, the contribution of quick sort when early stopping is used can be given by, T(n)=(n+1)( ?k ? i ? n ti + ?(1)) = (n+1)( n lg +?(1)) =2n lg +?(n) Thus, T(n) for quick sort =O(nlg(n/k)). Given that, insertion sort is done on a partially sorted array (unsorted k-elements). In general, running time of insertion sort is O(n2 ), where n is the length of the array (total number of elements). In order to provide a solution to this problem, the total array is divided into subarrays of k-elements each, such that k/2? n ? k, then n = O(k) and the running time of insertion sort is O(k2). The total number of such subarrays (m) would then be n/k ? m ? 2n/k., which implies m = O(n/k). The total time spent on insertion sort would then be O(k2)* O(n/k) = O(nk). T(n) for insertion sort = O(nk). Therefore, the total time for this sorting algorithm is as follows: T(n) = O(nk + nlg(n/k) ). ... Solution: From the above problem (1), we find that quick sort sorts k-elements of an n-element array O(n log(n/k)) time. Quick sort sorts by partitioning the given array A[p...r] into two sub-arrays A[p...q] and A[q+1... r] such that every element in A[p...q] is less than, or equal to, elements in A[q+1... r]. This process is repeated until all the elements are sorted. Algorithm for quick sort is given by: A[P] is the pivot key upon which the comparison is made. P is chosen as the median value of the array at each step. If the element is less than, or equal to, the pivot key value, it is moved left. Otherwise, it is moved right. Assuming the best case scenario where each step produces two equal partitions, then T(n)=T(n/2)+T(n/2)+?(n) =2T(n/2)+ ?(n) By Master’s Theorem case 2, T(n) = O(n lg n) In other words, the depth of recursion is log n and at each level/step, the number of elements to be treated is n. If only k-elements are sorted, then the depth of recursion would be n/k and the number of elements would be n at each level, the time taken by this sorting algorithm is given by T(n) = O(n lg (n/k)). 2.2 Show that we can sort a k-well-sorted array of length n in O(n log k) time. As the array is already sorted for k-elements, the remaining steps required to complete the sort would be k (using the results from 1), then T(n) = O(n lg k). 3. Computing the k-th smallest element in the union of the two lists m and n using O(lg m +lg n) time algorithm: Approach 1: Merge sort can be used in this case. It splits the list into two halves, recursively sorts each half, and then merges the two sorted sub-lists. In the given problem, the lists are already sorted; hence, the

Discussion questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion questions - Coursework Example ather encourage employers to put selection system favoring women in the hiring process as an affirmative action in order to boost their participation in national building. This implies that the discrimination could be justified as a mechanism of smoothening out the employment sector on the basis of quotas and proportional presentation in the employment sector (Coral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). Employment discrimination has often been responsible for enhanced equality in job placements especially in across Canada where inequality is highly integrated. However, discrimination is based upon diverse variables or grounds. Certain grounds are unacceptable while others are mutually accepted. In the Canadian province of Alberta, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited. In particular, either gay or lesbians facing discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation are prohibited from recourse via apt mechanisms laid down in the IRPA enabling them to subject their experiences of discrimination besides incapacitating them to uphold a legal remedy (Koral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). A Canadian employer may justify the adverse implications of the procedure used in employment selection on several grounds. For instance, according to the Alberta Human Rights Act, there are exemptions to discrimination. This means that some grounds of discrimination are justifiable. In section 7 of the Act, an employer may be justified to discriminate if such discrimination is based on occupational requirement. Subsequently, section 11 justifies discrimination if such action is both ‘reasonable and permissible within the prevailing circumstances’ (Koral & Practising Law Institute, et al. 2009). In this regard, employer’s discriminatory practices demonstrate the fact that their standards do not contravene the law. To accommodate an individual to a point of undue hardship basically entails a provision under the Supreme Court of Canada

Problems Of Architecture And Design

Problems Of Architecture And Design Software architecture and design is the main phase of software development life cycle. There are various important challenges that are associated with this phase. During our research on evaluating various software architecture design approaches, we identified many issues that are related with existing approaches like software requirements specification, software design methods its architectural styles, software processes and different constraints and associated policies. Present methods fulfills the demand of small and large scale software products but still there are some problems that we need to focus more about. In this paper we highlight these problems through survey method and also present some ideas and methods about their improvement. Key Terms: SDLC (Software development life cycle), UML (Unified modeling language), SDM (Software development methodology), CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) Introduction Architecture is concerned with the selection of architectural elements, their interactions, and the constraints on those elements. Interaction is necessary to provide a framework in which to satisfy the requirements and serve as a basis for the design. As in figure 1, we can see that Architecture={elements,interactions,constraints} Figure 1: Software architecture design as a bridge Design is concerned with the modularization and detailed interfaces of the design elements, their algorithms and procedures, and the data types needed to support the architecture and to satisfy the requirements. Design={elements,algorithms, procedures, datatypes} Figure 2: Outline of architectural design approach The next part of this paper is section II which will describe what software architecture design is all about. Section III of this document will describe the current challenges of software architecture and design. In section IV we will describe our survey research results. Section V will describe our proposed solution by identifying existing problems in software architecture design. Section VI will summarize the main recommendation for future research on software architecture design improvements. Literature Review The design architecture of software system has primary importance in software engineering research. Design is an activity which is engaged by a wide range of stake holders, used throughout of SDLC phases, provides set of key choices for applications architecture. Richard N. Taylor in his research The once and future focus of software engineering shows why design is a principal focus. His direction for design research includes: (a) Various drawing techniques (b) Design of application functionality, style architecture (c) Expand the software design to add different intangible software artifacts. A good architecture ensures that system will satisfy key requirements e.g. reliability, efficiency, quality, performance, scalability, portability, and interoperability. A bad architecture leads towards complex problems e.g. system crash. David Garlan in his research Software Architecture: a Roadmap defines that change in technology raises a number of new challenges for software design architecture. This paper presents some of the important trends challenges of software architecture in research. Architecture contains set of interacted components. Architectural description includes sufficient information to do high-level analysis of system. It plays a role as a bridge between requirements and implementation. Software architecture has important role in six aspects of software development: Understandability, reuse, construction, evolution, analysis management. Design style also plays an important role in real-time software development. For real-time software applications using more sophisticated methodologies is critical to ensure the fulfillment of safety requirements. Manas Saksena in his research Real-Time Software Design State of the Art and Future Challenges presents a high-level overview of real-time software architecture design. His focus is on standard techniques for dealing with the critical issues of concurrency and timeliness along with using automated tools. Different design styles for constructing real-time software principal technological trends currently emerging in the field are described. For large scale software systems development, different security challenges are associated. Bhavani Thuraisingham Kevin W. Hamlen in his paper Challenges and Future Directions of Software Technology: Secure Software Development describes different aspects of secure software development like security policy de ¬Ã‚ nition, formal modeling, developing security architecture and software models, testing veri ¬Ã‚ cation and validation and evaluation. By developing using new software architectures including service oriented architectures and object oriented systems for various computing. This paper describes two security challenges that need to be considered in building evolvable and  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible secure systems: (a) Applying formal methods (b) Secure services modeling of systems. Data-driven design techniques are important mechanisms to manage complexity in systems. Important design ideas should not be ignored. Rebecca J and Wirfs-Brock in Designing in the Future presents their idea that Up-front thinking is rarely wasted effort, especially when tackling complex or novel design problems. Proposed different aspects: Focusing on the Details Thinking and planning add value The Design Value of Well-structured requirements The poorly defined requirements have bad effect on overall design architecture. Designers should design the problems in well-formed manner to bring clarity in design. Sometime by using simple, comprehensive solutions is not suitable. Messy problems leads towards poor design architecture small elements dont always collectively add up values to design abstractions. It needs to use better techniques for understanding and structuring problems as well as design solutions. Challenges of Architecture Design Phase Here we describe some important phases of SDLC in detail along with the existing processes then highlighted some problems related to these processes. 3.1. Requirements Elicitation It is about collecting the requirements of a system from users, customers and other stakeholders. Requirements elicitation processes include interviews, questionnaires, user observation, workshops, brain storming, use cases, role playing and prototyping. Problems: Some of the problems are related to: Defining the system objectives scope Understanding among stakeholders affected by the system development Volatile nature of requirements 3.2. Design Methodologies Structured methods of software design are sets of guidelines. It supports different type of models like: A structural model Data-flow model An object-oriented model An ER model Problems: Some of the issues related to software design are: Reliability Quality Complexity Conformity Changeability Invisibility 3.3. Tools/Technologies Different types of software design tools are available in market for use. Commercial tools are: Rational Rose (IBM) Together Designer (Borland) Rhapsody (I-Logix) Poseidon (Gentleware) Free Tools: UMLet EclipseUML Visual Paradigm Open source Tools: ArgoUML (Tigris) StarUML (Sourceforge) Problems: Some other problems in CASE technologies are: Usability, Complexity. Need creative skills Integrations between teams 3.4. Software Development Process methodologies It contains structured set of activities required to develop a software system. Different software process models are used: Waterfall model Evolutionary model Iterative/Incremental model Spiral model Agile software Development Agile unified process Design driven Development Dynamic systems development method Extreme programming Rational unified process Scrum Test driven development Unified process Problems: Applying the wrong process for software product Use less code by generating code using automated tools 3.5. Design Processes Some important processes related to design are: Design system flow Develop data model Create physical data model Design screens Data entry screens Inquiry screens Help screens Design reports Design Patterns Conduct design walkthrough Screen designs Problems: Some of the problems related to design processes are: Traceability to the requirements. External consistency with the requirements. Internal consistency between components. Appropriateness of design methods and standards used. Detailed designs feasibility. Feasibility of operation and maintenance. 3.6. Design Standards Following standards are common for all type of software projects Identification of tasks, frames, units, and procedures Identification of common modules Identification of the programming language Definition of the control logic for every component Identification of access of database Evaluate operation and performance requirements Problems: Some of problems related to design standards are: Scalability Single standard are applied for both small and large scale projects Standards become very common when every type of project follow them 3.7. Architecture and design Documentation Documentation includes following mandatory documents: For Enterprise Architecture: Physical Design Document System Architecture Document Logical Design Document Infrastructure Component Placement Diagram Infrastructure Pattern Match For Waterfall Approach: Architecture Design System/Subsystem Design Application Architecture and Design Interface Design Database Design Screen/Report Design For Iterative Approach: Design Class Design Model Design Package Software Architecture Document Use-Case Realization Problems: Understandability Changeability Invisibility 3.8. Costs and Risks When we reduce risks on early stages of architecture and design then this will reduce cost on later phases. Resolving risks on later phases are very expensive and very difficult. Problems: From previous studies it is concluded that design for dependability and analysis is risky and costly due to following reasons: Effect of design on analysis and cost is not determined and understandable. During the course of the project whenever requirements change, the design will also change. This condition will make dependability of the system invalid. Top-down method is not good for those systems that are inherited from their previous systems. Survey Report Results We have designed a questionnaire containing questions related to challenges of architecture and design. Research Analysis This analysis is a comparison and research of most challenging activities during architecture and design phase. 4.1. Secure architecture and design According to our research 13 % Architect is using attack trees and threat models for designing a secure architecture. 26% are agreed on misuse cases are utilized during the design process. 40% Architects are using secure software design principles to mitigate potential weaknesses. Similarly 20% is agreed on that existing software is using known, good cryptographic methods/algorithm. Figure 3: Secure architecture and design 4.2. Most challenging task in design process According to our analysis most challenging activity is to create internal consistency within the module of a system in design process. 40% is agreed on this. Then maintenance and feasibility are challenging with the percentage of 26% and 20% respectively. Finally following standards are also difficult task and 13% are agreed on this. Figure 4: Most challenging task in design process 4.3. Critical deficiency in design standard According to our analysis the most critical deficiency in present design standard is flexibility and 40% people are agreed on this. 33% and 26% are agreed on global acceptance and scalability respectively is critical deficiencies. Figure 5: Critical deficiency in design standard 4.4. Challenges related to design documentation According to research in case of multiple stakeholders the most common problem related to documentation is changeability. 33% agreed on this. 26% agreed that understandability and flexibility are problems in documentation and 13% agreed that invisibility is a common deficiency. Figure 6: Challenges related to design documentation 4.5. Design tools technologies According to our analysis 33% projects use commercial tools because of their high reliability and efficiency. 26% and 20% organizations or people use open source tool and free tools respectively. These tools are available and easily accessible. Figure 7: Design tools technologies 4.6. Design methodologies Brainstorming is related to finding out root causes of a problem so 26% people are agreed that this process is most effective for requirement elicitation. 20% agreed on prototyping.10% are agreed on interview and questionnaire because they cover very limited domain of problem. 6% agreed on use cases and workshop because it required skills and cooperation between team members. Figure 8: Design methodologies 4.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements According to survey 40% people agreed upon that we can reduce volatility by freezing or fixing requirements. 33% agreed that we can reduce this issue by reducing modifications. 26% agreed that we should ignore changes. Figure 9: Problems with volatile nature of requirements 4.8. Best software design method 33% people agreed that best method for software design is iterative method. Then 25%, 20%, 13% and 6% agreed that Agile method, Spiral method, waterfall method and evolutionary method respectively are well suited method. Figure 10: Best software design method V- Proposed Solution 5.1. Secure architecture and design For the purpose of reducing security risks designers should use secure software design principles. Designer should also focus on complex cryptographic techniques. 5.2. Most challenging task in design process Maintaining internal consistency within the module of a system is very difficult task. Designer can reduce this issue by making minimum dependency within the modules. Design whole system in small increments will also help to reduce this problem. In this way requirements will be traceable to their original resources. 5.3. Critical deficiency in design standard Architecture and design standards are most common thing for all type of software system. So flexibility is very challenging characteristic of standards and policies because most adopted standards are very common. If standards are according to system or product design then we can accommodate new changes. 5.4. Challenges related to design documentation Changeability or modifiability is very critical task in the design documentation. Requirements might be change in any stage of design phase. When requirement changes then design will be according to these modified requirements. 5.5. Design tools technologies According to analysis software development organizations should use commercial tools for design and architecture phase. Commercial tools are reliable, efficient and provide good performance. 5.6. Design methodologies Defects in requirement elicitation phase will create problem during design and architecture. We should use brainstorming method because this will reduce causes of problem occurrence. For large projects we should use prototyping. In prototyping an increment is delivered to customers and they will identify problems. 5.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements Volatile nature of requirement causes problems during architecture and design phase. When we freeze or fix requirements before design and architecture phase then this will reduce problem related to volatility of requirement. 5.8. Best software design method This is a very challenging task to select a best method for development software. The selected method will also effect on the architecture and design phase of software. When we use iterative method then this will reduce problems in later phases because early increments will measure performance of systems design. VI- Conclusion and future work Software architecture and design is the core activity of any development cycle. In this paper we highlight some problems related to this phase. These problems are faced by every type of project. We also suggest some solution for this problem. When we follow these suggestions then we can reduce problems associated with different phases of architecture and design. In future we can implement these suggestions. Secondly there is also a possibility to highlight issue very deeply and related to each activity of architecture and design phases.

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Papers Stero

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really enhance strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy. In order to understand why we are confronted with the problem of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolic steroids: a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930's as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosterone hormone of the ?steroid hormone? group. The steroid hormones (which are also produced naturally) are synthesized from cholesterol. Most simply understood, the hormones function by passing from the blood stream into individual cells where they bind to a receptor and activate certain genes that cause the production of a protein, especially muscle proteins (et. al.). By the late 1940?s, bodybuilders had discovered the effects of testosterone as a means to stimulate muscle growth and to make themselves train with more intensity and aggression (Schwarzenneger 723). In 1953, the first truly synthetic anabolic steroid was developed, having a strength-building effect three to five times higher than testosterone. From bodybuilders to other athletes, steroid use quickly gaine... ... in Sports: Side Effects and Links.? Biology 121 Web Project/Anabolic Steroids. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http://www.people.virginia.edu/ abs9f/*. Meoreira de Araujo, Mario Cesar and Marcelo R. Facio. ?The Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes.? Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes MEDSTUDENTS-SPC. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http://www.medstudents.com.br/sport2.htm*. Schwarzenegger, Arnold. Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Vecsey, George. ?The Real Goal is Protecting the Children.? The New York Times 17 Sept. 2000, col. Sports of the Times: 1-3. 18 Sept. 2000 *http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=969323324&RQT=309&CC=1&Dtp=1&Did=000000060561967&Mtd=1&Fmt=*.

Movements fighting for gay marriages Essay

The gay marriage debate has been persistent all over the world. It is a divisive political issue that brings out a lot of conflict. In USA for instance, movements fighting for gay marriages and their rights started as early as 1970’s. In the 1990’s it was a great political issue. The US federal government has not legalized gay marriages although some states like Massachusetts allow civil unions. Gay couples in US do not share same rights as straight couples since their marriages are not considered legitimate. Without marriage laws to protect their rights and benefits such couples face turmoil’s in their relationships. For instance automatic inheritance with death of a partner and making important decision for instance signing for emergency medical operations is not allowed. USA should follow Denmark, Netherlands and Canada and legalize gay marriages as a step forward to reducing hate crimes in society and thus promoting social order. Again, since most people who oppose it desires it do so on the basis of religious values the secular values and desires of the people are not considered. It should draw the line between the state and the church so that it accommodates all people in the society. Legalizing gay marriages will see the decline of HIV-AIDS transmission, as gay couples will increase their sense of responsibility for each other. Gay couples should not be denied significant rights like access to partners insurance or medical decision making, workers and compensation benefits. Benefits under annuity and retirement plans all which are important (http://marriageequity. com/facts/index. htm) By not legalizing gay marriage the law discriminates on the basis of sex since one’s ability to marriage depends on one’s sex. Cuba has recently started to involve and respect gay couples by redefining marriage to accommodate all people in society, as socialism should be all inclusive. (http://asp. usatoday. com/community/utils/idmap/13917955. story) Discrimination against gay couples will be abolished and their unions or marriages will be legalized It is ironic that US the world’s leading countries in democracy restricts gay marriages while it should be advocating and fighting for equality of all marriages. Gay marriages should be legalized and couples should be entitled to social security benefits and protection under federal pension laws. This would reduce instances where on death of a partner one cannot access the partner’s benefits. In case the family had children such benefits would be of great importance in maintaining the children’s welfare. Without legal protection gay couples face economic hardships that would have been eradicated had their marriage been legalized. South Africa and Belgium have also embraced it and marriages between same sex couples receive blessings. Today, most children are born out of wedlock to single parents; marriages end divorce and the family as a unit that provides the appropriate atmosphere for children to grow is loosing the grip. Children are still being brought up successfully outside the conceived perfect environment of the ‘family’. Gay marriages should be legalized so as allow partners make important decisions like medical based decisions. It will allow one make important decision that would save the partners life. Arguments in support of gay marriages The government’s purpose is to ensure that people’s rights are respected and that equality is maintained. It is therefore fair that gay marriages be legalized. If gay marriages are recognized gay couples would take the advantage of automatic inheritance in case of death of one partner. Without such gay couples inherit nothing of what they have worked hard for with their partner. Both straight and gay couples should have equal rights. (http://angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html) It is argued that gay relationships are not biologically natural as they cannot produce children of their own naturally. Culturally marriage is the institution that forms and upholds societal and social values and norms. Marriages ensure the continuity of society through procreation. It is therefore argued that society would suffer if gay marriages were to be legalized, as the continuam would be interrupted. Gay marriages should be legalized and efforts by the church t use religious values and imposing them on all people in society are uncalled for. There should be a clear distinction between the church and the state so that the state operates independently to accommodate all its citizens including the secular minded. (Snyder, 2006) Legalizing gay marriages will help create order and stability in society. When legalized the ‘main society’ will change their rigid perception that gay marriage is illegal and they will fit well with them. This will reduce gay-based hate crimes. The whole society will have social unity and discrimination against gay people will reduce. Unions to guide gay couple on how to raise their children can only be effective if gay marriages were legalized. This would counter the argument that gay couples are not good in bring up children. The unions can help create good parenthood through training. Arguments against gay marriages It is argued that legalizing gay marriages will be a step towards welcoming anti-social behaviour. Just as gay couple seek for attention and protection of their rights so would other absurd groups. Moral decadency is likely to occur in society. It would pave way for polygamy, incest and beastiality legalization all of which are not good for society. Traditionally marriage is between a man and a woman and not same sex parties. Gay marriages are therefore against the traditional perception of marriage and should be discouraged. Naturally marriage should be between two people of different sexes. Attraction between two people of same sex is considered unnatural gay marriages should therefore come to a halt. Marriage should be an institution between a man and a woman. And those gay marriages are immoral. God created a woman for the man and not a man for a man or woman for another. Gay couples choose to be gay and should not seek attention for the choices they have made in life. (Hohengarten, 1994) Parents pose as role models to their children. Gay parents are likely to bring up gay children and this will not be good for society. Supporters of this viewpoint argue that children need heterosexual parents to develop. This would be lacking in the gay families and consequently poor child development. The above reasons face much criticism. For instance linking procreation strongly with marriage undermines the other purposes of marriage. Procreation is not the only reason why people marry. Those who support gay marriages consider this point of view incompetent on the basis that there are sterile or barren couples or women at their post menopausal age who marry. The question posed is whether such marriages ought to be considered null since they won’t bear children. Again marriage could be for sexual satisfaction companionship and moral expression. (Strasser, 2002) Another problem with the argument that gay marriage is immoral is that who defines marriage and what is moral or immoral calls for another debate altogether. People have different perception about what is moral or immoral. Using religious values to support eradication of gay marriages by quoting the bible is inappropriate especially to a country that accommodates diverse religions. This is an insufficient approach as freedom of religion will be compromised. Why install your religious aspects to life on people who are for a secular approach to life? (http://atheism. about. com/6/9/007160. html) The argument that children need heterosexual parents to grow and develop is quite shallow. There are cases where their development is jeopardized despite them having heterosexual parents. Children need good nurturing, tender care and love from their parent’s to develop. Again gay parents are more likely to bring up straight children to spare them the pain of discrimination they have through. (Ross, 2002) Some gay people are not gay by choice but by birth. Argument that gay couples are naturally attracted to same sex partners outdoes the argument that gay marriages are unnatural. Nature should take its course and they should be allowed to marry those they are attracted to regardless of their sex. (Pierson et al, 2005) Arguments raised against legalizing gay marriages on the basis of their instability are uncalled for since the straight marriages have proved to be 7% more instable compared to gay marriages. In the USA only two states legalize gay marriages that are Massachusetts and Lowa though they call them civil unions. The federal government under the defense of Marriage Act of 1996 leaves the states to decide on which approach to handle its issues. Gay couples want their marriages to be legalized. This will eradicate the discrimination they face, as society is not comfortable with them and view them as ‘outcast’ with legalization gay couples can gain recognition. (Mello, 2004) The church is used by politicians for their own interests. Politicians are careful in discussing critical issues like whether to legalize or not legalize gay marriages. They are cautious not to offend the people who will determine their stay in government through voting. Conclusion. Gay couples have their rights to be happy. Happiness in marriage would be with the person one is attracted to and willing to be intimate with. Denying gay couples that happiness and trying to impose the person they should marry in terms of gender would be depriving them their rights. The government should ensure that the rights of all citizens are preserved. If gay marriages were legalized the HIV-AIDS prevalence would decline. This is because gay couples would increase their commitment towards their marriages. Forcing people to marry those they are not attracted to is a major reason for increased divorce rates. References: Austin Cline. 2007. Gay Marriage and church/state separation. Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://atheism. about. com/6/9/007160. html Leah Moore. 2001. Points in defense of gay marriages. Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://angelfire. com/home /leah/index. html USA Today. 2007. When it comes to gay rights, Is Cuba ahead of USA? Retrieved on 16th October 2007 from http://asp. usatoday. com/community/utils/idmap/13917955. story Mello, Michael. 2004. Legalizing gay marriages. University Press. Pierceson, Jason, Courts: 2005. Liberalism and Rights: Gay Law and Politics in the

The Issues Associated With Abortion - 2088 Words

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